Claw Toe

A claw toe is a form of hammer toe.  A claw toe can affect any one of the toes or all of the toes simultaneously. Claw toes are a deformity where the entire toe grabs and involves the MPJ (metatarsal phalangeal joint) PIPJ and DIPJ.

How do we develop claw toes? Claw toes aren't due to ill fitting shoes or high heels. Claw toes develop  due to an imbalance in the tendons that move the toe. The two primary causes of claw toes are called extensor substitution and flexor substitution. These two conditions are explained in the biomechanics tab below.

Treatment Of Claw Toes

Treatment of hammer toes (including claw toes) ranges from simple shoe modifications to sophisticated surgical repair. Logic dictates that our initial attempts at treating hammer toes would include softer and wider shoes. Shoes such as clogs or Birkenstocks offer a wide toe box that in many instances may be enough of a change to allow pain free walking. Hammer toe pads are often used to control the motion of the toe to hold it or bind it in place so that it doesn't rub on the shoe. Many variations of pads are available for use. The right pad really depends upon the individual toe location and problem.

Surgical treatment of hammer toes varies from simple releases of the extensor tendon (top of the toe) to complex tendon transfers and bone fusions. The most commonly used hammer toe procedure is that which was described by Post in 1895 and is referred to today as the Post Arthroplasty or Post Procedure. The Post Procedure involves resecting (removing) the knuckle of the toe at the level of the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) This joint is the joint closest to the point where the toe attaches to the foot. Typically the Post Procedure will be performed in conjunction with a tendon release on the top (extensor surface) of the foot. The combination of these two procedures results in a toe that will lay flatter avoiding direct pressure from the shoe. The Post Procedure may be performed under local or general anesthesia.

The following pictures show the surgical steps of a claw toe procedure called a Post arthroplasty. Modifications of this procedure may include a fusion of the joint, pinning of the toe or digital implant. These photos show dissection at the level of the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) for correction of a hammer toe. Image 1 shows the pre-operative position of the hammer toe. Image 2 shows a release of the dorsal capsule and extensors tendons with a #15 blade at the level of the metatarsal phalangeal joint. Image 3 shows the long extensor tendon at the level of the PIPJ. In Image 4, the extensor tendon is reflected and the PIPJ ligaments released from the medial and lateral sides of the PIPJ. Image 5 show resection of the proximal phalangeal head with a pair of bone nippers. In Image 6 we see final closure of the wound.

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What causes claw toes? Claw toes are caused by two basic biomechanical problems called extensor substitution and flexor stabilization.

Extensor substitution -

The extensor tendons are found on the top of the foot and lift the foot, raising the foot toward the shin. There are two types of extensor tendons; long and short. The long extensor tendon, called the extensor digitorum longus (EDL), originates in the anterior leg. The EDL descends the leg crossing the ankle and continuing on to the tips of the toes. The EDL extends or lift the toes.

In cases of muscular imbalance, the EDL will change its' primary function to aid other muscles maintain balance. When the calf is particularly tight (see equinus) the EDL will change its' primary function to assist the tibialis anterior muscle to dorsiflex the ankle. As a result of the tight EDL, the toes will form a hammer toe. One of the cardinal signs of extensor substitution is pronounced hammer toes when the heel strikes the floor during gait.

Flexor substitution -

The flexor tendons are found on the bottom of the foot. There are two types of flexor tendons; long and short. The long flexor tendons originate in the leg while the short flexor tendons originate in the foot. The long flexor tendon to the toes is called the flexor digitorum longus (FDL). The FDL traverses the bottom of the foot to insert into the bottom tips of the toes.

When there is imbalance in the normal function of the foot, the flexor tendons are often asked to stabilize the foot. Flexor substitution is particularly common in cases of pronation. Flexor substitution is used by the foot to help stabilize the foot. The increased pull of the FDL to stabilize the foot will cause the toes to 'hammer'.

The symptoms of claw toes can be mild to severe and includes pain that is described as a 'hot poker' to the toes.  Symptoms vary with the location of the claw toe and the types of shoes worn.

Corns are the most common problem seen as a result of a claw toe. A corn is a condition that can vary in both location and appearance. The differential diagnosis for this condition should include;

Abscess

Blister

Glomus tumor

Porokeratoma

Eccrine poroma

Infection

Malignant melanoma

Kaposi's Sarcoma

Psoriasis

Ulcer

Verrucae

Wart

• Forefoot Pain

• Hammer Toes

• Mallet Toe

• Toe Box Dermatitis

• Lister Corn

This article was written by Jeffrey A. Oster, DPM and last updated 2/5/13.

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